Stephen Sondheim’s Assassins Essay Essay Example

Stephen Sondheim’s Assassins Essay Essay Example Stephen Sondheim’s Assassins Essay Essay Stephen Sondheim’s Assassins Essay Essay Opened Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons on December 18. 1990. and closed on February 16. 1991 after 73 public presentations. Directed by Jerry Zaks. The dramatis personae included Victor Garber. Terrence Mann. Patrick Cassidy. Debra Monk. Greg Germann. and Annie Golden. Harmonizing to the Los Angeles Times. â€Å"The show has been sold out since prevues began. reflecting the strong entreaty of Sondheim’s work among the theatre crowd. † Frank Rich in his New York Times review wrote â€Å"Assassins will hold to fire with crisp purpose and fewer spaces if it is to hit to kill. † Opened in London at the Donmar Warehouse on October 29. 1992 and closed on January 9. 1993 after 76 public presentations with way by Sam Mendes. Opened on Broadway at Studio 64 on April 22. 2004 and closed on July 18. 2004 after 101 public presentations with way by Joe Mantello. This show was supposed to open in 2001. but was pushed back until 2004. due to the recent terrorist onslaught on September 11. 2001. Librettist- John Weidman- boy of Jerome Weidman ( librettist of Fiorello! ) mostly known as a author for the hit kids telecasting plan. Sesame Street. Received a B. A. in East Asiatic History from Harvard and a J. D. from Yale. Nominated for a Tony Award for Best Book for a Musical three times. Libretti credits include: Pacific Overtures. Anything Goes. Assassins. Big. Contact. Bounce. Take Flight. Road Show. and Happiness. Composer/ Lyricist- Stephen Sondheim- received an Academy Award. eight Tony Awards ( more than any other composer. including a Particular Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ) ; eight Grammy Awards ; a Pulitzer Prize. and the Laurence Olivier Award. He has worked on infinite musicals. Some credits include. West Side Story. Gypsy. Company. Folliess. A Small Night Music. Sweeney Todd. Sunday in the Park with George. Into the Woods. and Assassins. Director- Joe Mantello- mianly known for his way in Wicked. Take Me Out. and Assassins. Hes won two Drama Desk and Tony awards. Hes besides directed for the hit Television show. Law and Order. Choreographer/Musical Staging- Jonathan Butterell- choreographer for the Broadway resurgences of Nine. Fiddler on the Roof. and The Light in the Piazza. Besides choreographed for several movies including Finding Neverland. Michael Cerveris starred as John Wilkes Booth on Broadway ( 2004 ) . while Victor Garber starred in the function off Broadway ( 1990 ) . Other Broadway credits for Cerveris include. 18/20 twelvemonth old Tommy/Narrator in The Who’s Tommy. the title function in Sweeney Todd. and Thomas Andrews in Titanic. B. FOUNDATIONS OF THE PLOT PART 1 Time- Assassins opened on in 1990. so I presume the authorship of the show occurred in the 80’s. In the show. they hop from one epoch to the following epoch. The epoch that my wish list occurs is in the twelvemonth of 1865. Place- The drama takes topographic point in different countries of the U. S. where each Assassin lived. My scene takes topographic point in a barn in Port Royal. Virginia. minutes before my decease. The Balladeer. who portrays the young person of America. is on phase with me. David Herold besides makes a little visual aspect. Society and Culture- 1865. Everyone wore really classy get-ups. This is besides the clip of bondage. so what you wore depicted what category you belonged in. The rich were rich and the hapless were hapless. Economy- Despite the Civil War in the first half of the 1860s. the United States grew in population: from 31 million in 1860 to 38 million in 1870. This addition of 7 million included 2. 3 million immigrants. 90 per centum of them from Europe. An overpowering per centum of them settled other than in the South Politics and Law- Abraham Lincoln had abolished bondage which was the tipping point for Booth. C. FOUNDATIONS OF THE PLOT PART 2 Plot- The eventide begins at a fairground. in forepart of a shooting gallery that boasts a alone amusement: â€Å"Shoot the President – win a Prize† . As the Proprietor presents his sideshow. eight figures come frontward one by one to opportunity their fortune. bravos drawn from over a century of American history. They are a disparate group. one dressed in a nineteenth century frock coat. another as a section shop Santa. But each is handed his ain typical gun – the preferable agencies of ultimate political protest in the United States. â€Å"EVERYBODY’S GOT THE RIGHT† to be happy. the Proprietor asserts. Last to get is John Wilkes Booth. who quickly uses his freshly acquired arm on President Lincoln. As the fatal shootings pealing out. the Balladeer steps out to sing â€Å"THE BALLAD OF BOOTH† a fine-looking Satan who decided to take his bad reappraisals out on his Head of State. Holed up in a baccy barn with his Confederate David Herold. Booth is determined to put down his version of events: he’s non a common cut-throat. non a lunatic. but person who did what he did for his state. who slew a tyrant – as Brutus did. But. even as Booth dies. the Balladeer’s lay returns to indicate out that. thanks to him. Lincoln. who received assorted reappraisals. now gets merely raves. The other bravos are in a saloon. â€Å"Has Nixon been in? † asks Samuel Byck. still have oning his Santa suit. But it seems non. Booth is back. though. merely in clip to hear Giuseppe Zangara kicking about how nil seems to alleviate the hurting in his tummy. Booth suggests hiting FDR. â€Å"Will it assist? † asks Zangara. but Zangara’s effort duds and he kills. alternatively. Mayor Cermak of Chicago. Grouped around the wireless mikes in Miami’s Bayfront Park. a smattering of bystanders boast. over the strains of a Sousa March. of â€Å"HOW I SAVED ROOSEVELT† . while. strapped into the electric chair. Zangara insists he is non left or right. merely an â€Å"American nothing† . The vocal ends as the current is switched on. Forty old ages subsequently. in the seventiess. Sara Jane Moore and Lynette â€Å"Squeaky† Fromme meet up over a pail of Kentucky Fried Chicken. discourse the immoralities of fast nutrient and stop up taking pot shootings at the sculpted image of Colonel Sanders. Neither is really good with a gun. but at least they have one. â€Å"It takes a batch of work forces to do a gun. † says Leon Czolgosz. a heavy glass-factory worker contemplating the significance and power of his arm. In THE GUN SONG. Czolgosz. Moore. Booth and Charles Guiteau identify. in barbershop harmoniousnesss. the advantages of pieces: all you have to make is travel your small finger and you can alter the universe. The others wander off. go forthing Czolgosz entirely to see what he should make. He is an supporter of the nihilist fomenter Emma Goldman and. after one of her meetings. she suggested that he might wish to see the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo. He does. and the Balladeer takes up the narrative in THE BALLAD OF CZOLGOSZ. As President McKinley shakes custodies with visitants to the Exposition. Czolgosz wraps his gun in a hankie. joins the President’s excited supporters and putting to deaths Big Bill. 1n the USA. you can work your manner to the caput of the line† . Back to the Seventiess: Samuel Byck. an out-of-work Sur salesman. has hatched a bold strategy to kill President Nixon and is explicating it. via his cassette machine. to Leonard Bernstein. the busy music director and composer. â€Å"Maybe if you can’t listen now. † suggests Byck. aware of the force per unit areas on the maestro’s clip. â€Å"you can listen ‘Tonight. tonight. . . ’ I love that song† . His message completed. he leaves singing â€Å"Everything’s great in America. . . † John Hinckley besides enjoys vocalizing. but merely his ain composings. angrily accompanied on his acoustic guitar. â€Å"UNWORTHY OF YOUR LOVE† . he admits in an distraught lay addressed to his â€Å"girlfriend† . Jodie Foster. Lynette Fromme tickers and so delivers her ain version of the figure. addressed to her lover ( and the new Messiah ) Charles Manson. But Hinckley blows his chance to turn out his worthiness to Jodie when he start s hiting unsuccessfully at a exposure of President Reagan that is projected on to the back wall. The President merely keeps wisecracking his manner through the slugs – and. hey. where’d that cat learn to hit anyhow? The Russian ground forces? Charles Guiteau has better fortune. In 1881. he meets President Garfield at the Baltimore and Potomac station in Washington and asks to be made Ambassador to France. Garfield ignores him and is fatally shot in the dorsum. Failed attorney. sermonizer. politician and writer. Garfield’s slayer is looking frontward to being an angel and. in â€Å"THE BALLAD OF GUITEAU† . cakewalks up and down the gallows stairss with uncontrollable sunniness. Before his blackwash of Garfield and executing. Guiteau had given Sara Jane Moore some lessons in how to hit up her Kentucky Fried Chicken more accurately. But they don’t seem to hold paid off. Trying now to hit President Ford. she kills her Canis familiaris alternatively. And she got all her day of the months mixed up. so she had to convey the child along and he’s shouting for an ice-cream and Lynette is shouting at her for conveying the child and the Canis familiaris to an blackwash. â€Å"Look. we came here to kill the President† . scream Moore. â€Å"Let’s merely kill him and travel home† . Enter President Ford. who trips on the slugs she’s dropped. really considerately hands them back to her and returns on his manner as Moore and Fromme pull their triggers impotently behind him. After Sam Byck’s stillborn mission to crash an airliner into the White House. he and the seven other bravos come together to explicate their motivations: one did it to revenge the ravaged South. another so her friends would cognize where she was coming from. Now. they want their awards. For the first clip. they are no longer freakish. embittered. angry persons but a group with a common intent. processing to ANOTHER NATIONAL ANTHEM – non the 1 you cheer at the ballpark. but the anthem of those who can’t acquire in. As the March dies off. the Blue Ridge Boys drama Heartache Serenade. and we’re hearing to a transistor wireless in the 6th floor storage room of the Texas School Book Depository on 22 November 1963. On the brink of taking his ain life. Lee Harvey Oswald is interrupted by Booth and the other bravos. and invited alternatively to do history. The bravos who preceded Oswald say he will convey them back ; those who came after him say he will do them possible. by one time once more doing blackwashs a portion of the American experience. His act can give them historical power as a united force. non as a clump of stray â€Å"nuts† . Oswald refuses and Booth entices him with the statement that when Hinckley’s room is searched after his blackwash effort on President Reagan. every book written about Oswald will be found. Through the window. flags are winging. sets are processing to loyal melodies. the President’s motorcade is about to go through by the shouting crowds. 1n here. this is America. too† . says Booth – the land where any child can turn up to be President. or turn up to kill a President. Oswald picks up his gun and moves to the window. As President Kennedy dies. his bravo takes his topographic point among his colleagues in the last empty booth at the carnival. He has brought them back. he has made them possible. and. for those ordinary Americans. who’ll ever retrieve where they were when they heard the intelligence. SOMETHING JUST BROKE. Their desperation stands in quiet contrast to the jaunty reprise of their subject. EVERYBODY’S GOT THE RIGHT †¦ to their dreams. D. CHARACTER Who- John Wilkes Booth. a good known histrion in the 1860’s. Super Objective- In his life: To clean his state of autocrats in the United States Government. In the vocal: To explicate why he assassinated the President of the United States. What relationship do they have with other characters- David Herold was one of Booth’s confederates and portions the last conversation of all time with Booth. After he shoots himself. he acts as a scruples to the other bravos in the drama. converting them to kill a president. Character Plot- As shortly as Booth enters the phase he shoots and kills Lincoln. He’s so seen in the barn where he’s concealment from the constabulary. David Herold gives himself up without a battle. while John stays back. He asks to the Balladeer to go through on the true ground why he killed the president. He so proceeds to explicate why he did what he did and so shootings himself in the caput. Obstacles/Conflicts- the constabulary have set the barn I’m in on fire. Character Backgroud- John Wilkes Booth perfectly obtained a grade from university. He besides has a rotter leg in this scene for he injured it during his flight from the Ford Theatre. What others say about me: The Balladeer – Johnny Booth was a fine-looking Satan - Had him a pique but kept it degree - Some say it was your voice had gone - they say you killed a state toilet because of bad reappraisals - Your brother made you covetous John. you couldn’t make full his places - They say your ship was sinkin’ John - They say it wasn’t Lincoln. John.

Greatest Quotes From Sex and the City

Greatest Quotes From 'Sex and the City' The hit TV show Sex and the City has beautifully captured the turmoil of modern women stuck in a fast paced city. When you read Sex and the City quotes, your first thought may be: Is this how life in NYC is like? Read and decide for yourself. Carrie: Everywhere I looked, people were standing in twos it was like Noahs Upper West Side rent-controlled Ark.Samantha: Oh sweetie, forget about him. You are gonna be on the side of a bus. 10 million men are gonna be drooling over you every morning on their way to work. Its the best personal ad Ive ever seen in my life.Carrie: Samantha has a particular knack for turning a desperate situation into a hopeless one.Carrie: Lets be honest. Sometimes there is nothing harder in life than being happy for somebody else. Like lottery winners. Or extremely successful people who are 27. And then theres that hell on earth that only your closest friends can inflict on you the baby shower.Carrie: When Charlotte really liked a guy, she said his whole name it helped her to imagine their future monogrammed towels.Miranda: Maybe its time I stopped being so angry.Carrie: Yah, but what would you do with all your free time?Samantha: Until he says I love you, youre a free agent.Carrie: What is this? The Rules According to Samantha?Samantha: See? Im more old-fashioned than you think.Samantha: Look at his robe. So Robin and his Merry Men.Carrie: Here. Swear. Swear on Chanel.: Oh my God were gonna have to ice skate home. Hell just froze over.Carrie: I thought I had come to terms with my looks the year I turned thirty, when I realized I no longer had the energy to be completely superficial.Samantha: Normal is the halfway point between what you want and what you can get.Samantha: Heres what I think. Round up all the divorced men and keep them in a pound. That way, you get their whole history before you take one home.Miranda: I love how they say until recently, the bride worked.Carrie: Yeah, meaning she quit her job as soon as she found her soul-mate-slash-investment-banker.Charlotte: Listen to this: sometime in the ten years before menopause, you may experience symptoms including all-month long PMS, fluid retention, insomnia, depression, hot flashes or irregular periods.Carrie: On t he plus side, people start to give up their seats for you on the bus. Carrie: Our affair, like our hotels, had gone from elegant with crystal to seedy with plastic cups.Miranda, : Why would that cheer her up? Does she look like a 22-year-old frat boy? Sex and the City Quotes Miranda: Men- wait, let me rephrase that- some men... Jerry Jerrod Sex and the City Quotes Sex and the City Quotes

Conjunctiva in Contact Lens Wear Research Proposal

Conjunctiva in Contact Lens Wear - Research Proposal Example In a study conducted by Aragona P, Ferreri G, Micali A, Puzzolo D. in 1998 to detect the morphological changes of the conjunctival epithelium in contact lens wearers evaluated by impression cytology, it was found that cellularity, nucleus to cytoplasm ratio and goblet cell distribution were altered. In another study by Knop E, Brewitt H. in 1992 , where they discovered using the impression cytology technique on contact lens wearers that enlargement of the conjunctival cells took place as well as flattening of their cells. They also noted a decrease in the number of goblet cells. The late finding was contrary to what Connor C.G., Campbell J.B., Steel S.A., Burke J.H. have found in 1994 of an increase of goblet cells in daily contact lens wearers. As the conjunctiva has an important functional demand on the eye helping in keeping the eye moist and its cleansing effect through tears, it is thus an important first defence against debris and pathogens. Direct in vivo observation of the co njunctiva at a cellular level using the confocal microscope is likely to provide important new insights into the impact of contact lens wear on the ocular surface. This study is aimThis study is aimed to conclude results from in vivo research of those contact lens wearers. The significance of this research is to give more focused results on the effect of contact lenses contributing to add more knowledge to this specific aspect and whether or not any compromisation of the conjunctiva takes place. Please add a new paragraph as follows:- Program of research and investigation: - Under this heading, I would like you to write about To Clearly State the research problem, research key questions, sub question or hypotheses or key issues that will be tested or addressed This research will perform its investigation to describe the possible effects of lens wearing on 20 candidates to discuss the conjunctival hazardous effects (if present) and either confirm or deny the hypothesis in question. Inspection will be done at a cellular level to further investigate any changes that may occur in the conjunctiva cells including epithelial cells, goblet cells and cellular density. According to Adar S, Kanpolat A, Surucu S, Ucakhan OO 1997 "Epithelial changes were noted to be more frequent and more severe in symptomatic patients than in those without any complaints." Moon JW, Shin KC, Lee HJ, Wee WR, Lee JH, Kim MK. 2006 also found that "The ocular surface changes in keratoconus may be directly related to contact lens wear" The hypothesis is that contact lenses do not produce any significant effect on the conjunctiva, mainly superficial conjunctival epithelial cell density (it is unclear whether this would be an increase or decrease) and results in a decrease in

Womens Suffrage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Womens Suffrage - Research Paper Example A series of activities followed the enlightening, which had been presented by the publication of this book. People began advocating for the equal rights among women and men The origin of the women suffrage movements could be traced in France during the French revolution, where Olympe de Gouges and Nicolas de Condorcet were involved in advocating for women suffrage during the national elections. This movement began spreading across continents and regions and almost all societies experienced such movements advocating for equality. These movements continued to become popular among different regions and they were increasingly utilised to advocate for other rights. Various debates arose within the regions focusing of the need to provide women with the right to vote. During the early 19th century, there was an increasing debate on women suffrage which resulted in a convention calling for women suffrage. The convention was conducted in 1848 in America, and it challenged America to revolutionise the social system in all aspects of life. Proponents of women suffrage believed that, suffrage was the most effective approach for changing the unjust system which failed to offer women the right to vote (Nardo, 2014). Since the movement began, some progress was made and women were accorded many freedoms which they lacked. These included education opportunities, property rights, and many other social freedoms. Although these were achieved through advocating for equal rights, the right to vote still remained elusive to the supporters of suffrage. The granting of the rights to vote remained limited to certain states within the United States of America. By the turn of the 19th century only four states had granted women the right to vote. The organizations which were advocating to equal rights remains focused on other forms of freedoms including the broad economic and political freedoms for social change (Buhle & Buhle, 2005). The

The Astonishing Hypothesis Essay Example for Free

The Astonishing Hypothesis Essay John Maddox (1995) in â€Å"The Prevalent Distrust of Science† argues that there exists a distrust in the innovations within the field of science as a result of the unreliability of the scientific community regarding the various innovations that it has developed over the past years. Maddox claims that this distrust has led to the creation of a culture of ignorance, the effects of which can be seen in the existence of an anti-science mindset. These views may take the form of passive denial and active denial. Passive denial refers to the â€Å"intentional obfuscation of what science is about† whereas active denial refers to the denial of the validity of scientific claims (Maddox, 1995, p. 436). Maddox further claims that this mindset may be seen as the result of (1) individuals’ inability to hold accountability for their actions since science â€Å"shifts responsibility from nature onto people’s own shoulders† and (2) individual’s inability to easily adapt to change since science â€Å"challenge(s) cherished beliefs† (1995, p. 436-437). In order to test the prevalence of this mindset within society, Maddox proposed the conduction of a public opinion poll in the form of a conceptual experiment. The experiment involves presenting the hypothesis of Francis Crick regarding human development as presented in his book The Astonishing Hypothesis. According to Crick, the human brain begins as a bag of neurons. In addition to this, he claims that the development of the hardwired parts of the human nervous system is genetically determined. The process in which this genetic determination occurs however was not accounted for by Crick. Based on his views regarding the distrust in the development in scientific inquiry, Maddox claims that â€Å"the scientists will not think Crick’s hypothesis all that astonishing† (1995, p. 437). In order to test whether such an anti-science mindset exists, I conducted the poll proposed by Maddox. In the process of doing this, I interviewed ten students, five of which major in science related courses and five of which major in humanities related courses. Their ages range from 19-25 years old. Amongst the ten interviewees, five were male and five were female. In addition to this, six of the interviewees were Caucasians, two were African Americans, and two were Asian Americans. In terms of their religious affiliation, six of them were Protestants and the remaining interviewees were Roman Catholics. All the interviewees were given the same information regarding Crick’s views on human development. After being given the information and asked regarding the validity of Crick’s views, all the interviewees agreed regarding the high probability of Crick’s claim. The difference between the interviewees can be traced to their explanation as to why they consider Crick’s view to be highly probable. The interviewees who major in science related courses gave more precise explanations regarding the probability of Crick’s claim. One them stated that â€Å"embryonic fetal development always begins with the development of the neurological system since the system is necessary to support the other development of the primary organs of the fetus†. Another one stated that this claim is true since studies have shown that the human embryo produces almost a million neurons every minute after the first four weeks of its conception. As opposed to this, the students who major in humanities related subjects tended to provide a less detailed explanation. One of them stated, â€Å"Crick’s hypothesis might be true since his view corresponds with what we discussed in Biology 101†. The reason for the difference of the explanation of these students may be traced to the formers exposure to the scientific language as opposed to the latter. Based on the interviews that I conducted, it seems that Maddox’s claim does not hold. It is possible that the reason for this may traced to the fact that the individuals I interviewed were all college students. Their educational background may have provided them with the recognition of the necessity to recognize the importance of scientific knowledge in the advancement of humanity. As I see, the distrust in scientific innovations stem as a result of individuals’ lack of knowledge regarding the importance of scientific innovation as well as the probabilistic nature of scientific knowledge. Reference Maddox, J. (1995). â€Å"The Prevalent Distrust of Science. † Nature, 378, 435-437.

Influenza in New York :: Journalism Health Medical Spanish Flu Essays

Influenza in New York NEW YORK: October 5.--The influenza virus is a common disease, which has been prevalent in society for many years. This year however we are seeing an influenza epidemic hitting not only the United States but also the entire world. This strain of influenza has been named "Spanish Influenza" and is much more volatile and deadly than the usual strain of influenza. The common influenza strain usually surfaces in the cold months of winter and this strain is no different, however it is unusually deadly. The fatality rate is much higher for people ages 15-45 compared to the common influenza, which is usually fatal for the young and old. This makes this particular strain of influenza much different and therefore is causing an epidemic and a certain state of panic across the globe. Here in New York it seems that the Spanish influenza was brought to the city by merchant mariners who were shipping in from the war front in Europe. It seems that Spanish influenza is spreading so quickly because of the war. With so many soldiers in tight quarters and in the trenches the disease is able to spread much quicker than before. These soldiers are coming home from the war to cities such as ours and unfortunately are bringing the virus with them. This is causing the spread of Spanish influenza not only through the military but also into the civilian population. Due to the rapid spread of the disease, many steps are being taken by the Public Health Department to try to curb the rapid spread into the civilian population. These actions may seem severe but they are necessary in order to make sure New York has as few fatalities from this epidemic as possible. The first step being taken is quarantining those coming in from Europe who are showing symptoms of the virus or have been in close contact with anyone else showing the symptoms. This is to ensure that these people do not ride in public transportation and transfer the virus to unsuspecting civilians. People are also being inspected for the influenza virus at railroad stations across the city. This is to ensure that the infected do not ride the train and pass the virus on to not only the people on board but also to the population of their destination city.

Beaten Like Dogs Essay

? â€Å"They went by, fallen, dragging their packs, dragging their lives, deserting their childhood, cringing like beaten dogs. † This quote stated in the book the Night written by Elie Wiesel. This quote simply sums up the book in a few words. For me it shows the indescribable misery endured by the Jewish people. This quote really has a deep impact on me. It makes me realize how lucky I am, to live in a country where there is a freedom to practice whatever religion you want to be a part of. It makes me feel so bad for all the torture that the Jews suffered. When I think about the gas chambers, the starvation, and the abuse, I put myself in the position of a Jewish person. If my family was told we were all going to shower, and finally be clean, and we were actually being executed. It makes me sick to my stomach. The disgust the images from this quote bring to me, I will never forget. When I juxtapose my life with an 18 year old Jewish boy’s life in 1945 I realize the suffrage that they went through. I choose to have a job, which I get paid for. While a Jewish boy at this time would be forced to do hard labor for no pay and if they refuse they would be brutally murdered. I eat everyday three meals a day but this boy however gets little to no food. Could I live like this? Suffering everyday surviving physical and mental torture. I really don’t think I could, all of the people, good innocent people being persecuted for their religion I have realized were stronger then the over compensating Nazi’s who got there high from literally breaking down these good people. This quote has changed the way I look at my life and the freedom and choices I get to make every day. Such as: school, clothing, sports, and my job. Also the quote has changed my view on abusive parents. I’ve always known this is a bad thing, but the quote makes me picture how an abused child could feel on the inside. In my opinion Wiesel named the book â€Å"Night† because the Jewish people in the death camps felt like they were trapped in the darkness, and would never see the light of day again.

Poetry of Emily Dickinson

The poetry of Emily Dickinson is studied like the works of William Shakespeare, as timeless and perfect works of art, gracing the canon.   This paper will analyze in detail eight of Dickinson’s poems which have been classified as â€Å"time† poems.   The poems to be discussed are: â€Å" I like to see it lap the Miles – â€Å"; â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death – â€Å"; â€Å"The Heart asks Pleasure- first- â€Å"; â€Å"After great pain, a formal feeling come†; â€Å"There’s a certain Slant of light†; I felt a Cleaving in my Mind†; â€Å"The first Day’s Night had come – â€Å"; and â€Å"Pain- expands the Time†.â€Å"I like to see it lap the Miles† is considered a time poem by many Dickinson scholars because it tracks the daily route of a train.   Its speaker, arguably the author, watches a train make its scheduled runs and stops through the mountains.   The train, an unlikely subject for Dickinson, who refers mostly to nature or the natural in her poems, seems to take on characteristics much like a horse.   The words â€Å"lap† and â€Å"lick† are two things a horse does; horses also have a â€Å"prodigious step† and come to rest at their â€Å"stable door†.The four quatrain stanza poem has no noticeable rhyme pattern.   The meter alternates between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter in the first two stanzas.   The third stanza breaks the pattern suddenly with two lines of iambic dimeter and three lines of iambic trimester.   This stanza is also odd in numbered lines.   There are five lines, where the rest of the poem has quatrain stanzas.   The last stanza has yet a different meter, consisting of two iambic trimeters for the first two lines.   The poem ends with two lines of iambic tetrameter.â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death –† is one of Dickinson’s best known and most studied poe ms, and arguably her most famous.   This time poem starts with life and crosses over into death or eternity.   The transition is easy and painless for both the poet and the reader because of the flow of rhythm.   It is seemingly very natural.   It is very melodic and has been acclaimed over and over again by scholars to be the most perfect poem ever written.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Because I could not stop for Death – † is not only a time poem, but a death poem as well.   It deals with the idea of the afterlife, something Emily Dickinson has been rumored to be obsessed with. The speaker is the poet, who speaks as a person crossing from life to death, who is travelling with possibly the Grim Reaper or the angel of death.   Despite the circumstance, her tone is hopeful and casual.There are 6 quatrain stanzas in this poem. It has an easy rhythm pattern throughout.The first stanza has the only rhymed pattern of ABCB; the remaining five stanzas are all ABCD.   The pattern is iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter, every other line in the first three stanzas.  The fourth stanza switches the meter pattern temporarily to iambic trimeter, tetrameter, tetrameter, trimeter.   This switch is indicitave of a switch in tone in the poem.   The pattern is literally turned inside out.   Every other stanza in this poem has eight and then six syllables, alternating that pattern throughout the poem except for in this fourth stanza.   There are six, eight, eight, six, resembling a palindrome numerically.   This fourth stanza switches from the poet being in control of the action to nature around her reflecting the action, here the sun, passing her by.The last two stanzas continue with the previous pattern of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and trimeter.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Heart asks Pleasure  ­ – first –† is a two stanza poem.   Every line is iambic trimeter except for the fourth line in the first stanza, which is iambi c tetrameter.This time poem is a step by step process, including he words, â€Å"first† and the phrase â€Å"and then† for each step.   The requests of the heart seem to indicate a timeline of pain in a person’s life or the end of a person’s life or a time when a person is in great pain or when the heart is broken or suffering.The narrator of the poem seems to be the actual heart speaking in the third person.   The tone is somber and points to an ending of some kind, a long for release.   There is a build up of intensity as the poem progresses, making the ending more dramatic and final.  The poem â€Å"After great pain, a formal feeling comes† traces the time after pain, but not prior to it.   The speaker is omnipotent, looking in from the outside, not connected with the piece.   The tone is quite formal, in agreement with the title.This poem consists of three stanzas of unequal length and meter.   The first and third stanzas have an AABB rhyme pattern. The middle stanza has an odd number of lines (five lines as opposed to the four lines of stanzas one and three), with no rhyme pattern.   The first stanza consists of four lines of iambic pentameter.   The second stanza has varying meters.   Lines one and five are iambic tetrameter; while lines two and four are iambic dimeter and the middle line is iambic trimeter, making an 84648 foot pattern for this stanza, again a palindrome in numbers similar to Dickinson’s previously analyzed poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death- â€Å".     It is in this middle stanza where once again with the differing meter that the most change in tone takes place as well.   Here is where there is a shift from writing about the natural or living to referencing to the non living, or non natural, such as â€Å"mechanical† and â€Å"stone†.   It is also here where Dickinson refers to the elements beyond human control, such as â€Å"Ground† and â€Å"Air†.The last quatrain begins with an odd seven meters, which is an uneven and unusual meter for a poem to have, but Dickinson does use the seven syllable line quite frequently.   Sometimes it is acceptable to have an occasional 7 meter line mixed in with iambic tetrameter, and it is usually taken as such, â€Å"given† an extra syllable per say, but not in this poem.The last two lines are iambic pentameter, in pattern with the first stanza.â€Å"There’s a certain Slant of light† traces a person’s enlightenment the moment it happens.   It is a short journey, there is no recall of a previous spiritual, mental, or physical journey, only the moment of enlightenment.   The narrator could be omnipotent, omniscient or first person, although there is no reference to first person in the poem.   It is however, written as though it was experienced firsthand.  This poem consists of four quatrain stanzas.  Ã‚  Ã‚   This rhyming poem has an ABCB rhyme pattern in all stanzas, which makes it sing-songy, or a hymnal poem in addition to being a time poem. The meter is trochaic.   In the first three stanzas, there are alternating patterns of seven and five syllables respectively.   The last stanza has eight and five syllables alternating.â€Å"I felt a Cleaving in my Mind† is interesting because the poem refers to the brain being split into two, and the actual poem itself is made up of two stanzas of equal length and meter, much as is a brain symmetrical and proportional and in sync when functioning properly.  The time sequence here is one that traces a person’s madness.   The narrator, the author herself, writes of a moment in time where she could not assemble the pieces or remember something, and therefore time was as disjointed as the task.There is an ABCB rhyme pattern in both stanzas.   The meter alternates every other line between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter throughout both stanza s.   The poem has a very pleasing, almost lighthearted rhythm to it, which is in stark contrast to the overall theme or message of the poem.   The tone almost mocks the moment.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The first Day’s Night had come – † traces a journey from a past experience to the beginning of a new moment and carries on to the future, recalling the life changing moment.   The climax is either the onset of madness or a blocking of a memory.   The narrator is the author.   She is present in the poem.The poem consists of five stanzas.   There is one rhyme pattern present in the poem, and that is in the first stanza.   The rhyme pattern is ABCB.   There is no noticeable rhyme pattern in other stanzas.   The meter in this poem is as follows for all five stanzas: two lines of iambic trimeter, one line of iambic tetrameter and one line of iambic trimeter.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pain – expands the Time† is a short poem of two stanzas.   The time reference in this particular poem deals with something actually influencing time – pain.  There is unequal meter in the third line of each quatrain. The second stanza has a noticeable rhyme pattern of ABCB.

The Invention of Paper Money

The Invention of Paper Money Paper money is an invention of the Song Dynasty in China in the 11th century CE, nearly 20 centuries after the earliest known use of metal coins. While paper money was certainly easier to carry in large amounts, using paper money had its risks: counterfeiting and inflation. Earliest Money The earliest known form of money is also from China, a cast copper coin from the 11th century BCE, which was found in a Shang Dynasty tomb in China.  Metal coins, whether made from copper, silver, gold or other metals, have been used across the globe as units of trade and value.  They have advantages- they are durable, difficult to counterfeit, and they hold intrinsic value.  The big disadvantage?  If you have very many of them, they get heavy. For a couple thousand years after the coins were buried in that Shang tomb, however, merchants, traders, and customers in China had to put up with carrying coins, or with bartering goods for other goods directly.  Copper coins were designed with square holes in the middle so that they could be carried on a string.  For large transactions, traders calculated the price as the number of coin strings.  It was workable, but an unwieldy system at best. Paper Money Takes the Load Off During the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), however, merchants began to leave those heavy strings of coins with a trustworthy agent, who would record how much money the merchant had on deposit on a piece of paper.  The paper, a sort of promissory note, could then be traded for goods, and the seller could go to the agent and redeem the note for the strings of coins.  With trade renewed along the Silk Road, this simplified cartage considerably.  These privately-produced promissory notes were still not true paper currency, however. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE), the government licensed specific deposit shops where people could leave their coins and receive notes.  In the 1100s, Song authorities decided to take direct control of this system, issuing the worlds first proper, government-produced paper money.  This money was called jiaozi.   Jiaozi to Chao to Djaou The Song established factories to print paper money with woodblocks, using six colors of ink.  The factories were located in Chengdu, Hangzhou, Huizhou, and Anqi, and each used different fiber mixes in their paper to discourage counterfeiting.  Early notes expired after three years, and could only be used in particular regions of the Song Empire. In 1265, the Song government introduced a truly national currency, printed to a single standard, usable across the empire, and backed by silver or gold.  It was available in denominations between one and one hundred strings of coins.  This currency lasted only nine years, however, as of the Song Dynasty tottered, falling to the Mongols in 1279. Mongol Influence The Mongol Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, issued its own form of paper currency called chao; the Mongols brought it to Persia where it was called djaou  or djaw.  The Mongols also showed it to Marco Polo during his stay in Kublai Khans court, where he was amazed by the idea of government-backed currency.  However, the paper money was not backed by gold or silver.  The short-lived Yuan Dynasty printed increasing amounts of the currency, leading to runaway inflation.  This problem was unresolved when the dynasty collapsed in 1368. Although the succeeding Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) also began by printing unbacked paper money, it suspended the program in 1450.  For much of the Ming era, silver was the currency of choice, including tons of Mexican and Peruvian ingots brought to China by Spanish traders.  Only in the last two, desperate years of Ming rule did the government print paper money, as it attempted to fend off the rebel Li Zicheng and his army.  China did not print paper money again until the 1890s when the Qing Dynasty began producing yuan. Sources Lande, Lawrence, and T. I. M. Congdon. John Law and the Invention of Paper Money. RSA Journal 139.5414 (1991): 916–28. Print.Lui, Francis T. Cagans Hypothesis and the First Nationwide Inflation of Paper Money in World History. Journal of Political Economy 91.6 (1983): 1067–74. Print.Pickering, John. The History of Paper Money in China. Journal of the American Oriental Society 1.2 (1844): 136–42. Print.

Understanding Cultural Materialism in Sociology

Understanding Cultural Materialism in Sociology Cultural materialism is a theoretical framework and research method for examining the relationships between the physical and economic aspects of production and built society, social organization and social relations, and the values, beliefs, and worldviews that predominate that society. It is rooted in Marxist theory  and is popular in anthropology, sociology, and the field of cultural studies. History and Overview The theoretical perspective and research methods of cultural materialism emerged in the late 1960s and were developed more fully during the 1980s. Cultural materialism was first introduced and popularized within the field of anthropology by Marvin Harris with his 1968 book  The Rise of Anthropological Theory. In this work, Harris built on Marxs theory of base and superstructure to craft a theory of how culture and cultural products fit into the greater social system. In Harriss adaptation of Marxs theory, the infrastructure of society (technology, economic production, the built environment, etc.) influences both the structure of society (social organization and relations) and the superstructure (the collection of ideas, values, beliefs, and worldviews). He argued that one must take this whole system into account if one wants to understand why cultures differ from place to place and group to group,  why certain cultural products like art and consumer goods (among others) are produ ced in a given place, and what their meaning is to those who use them. Later, Raymond Williams, a Welsh academic, further developed the theoretical paradigm and research method, and in doing so, helped create the field of cultural studies in the 1980s. Embracing the political nature of Marxs theory and his critical focus on power and the class structure, Williamss cultural materialism took aim at how culture and cultural products relate to a class-based system of domination and oppression. Williams built his theory of cultural materialism using already existing theoretical critiques of the relationship between culture and power, including the writings of Italian scholar Antonio Gramsci and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. Williams asserted that culture itself is a productive process, meaning it is responsible for making intangible things that exist in society, like ideas, assumptions, and social relations. The theory of cultural materialism that he developed holds that culture as a productive process is part of the larger process of how a class system is made and remade, and it is connected to the class-based inequalities that pervade society. According to cultural materialism, culture and cultural products play these roles through the promotion and justification of certain values, assumptions, and worldviews within the mainstream and the marginalization of others that do not fit the mainstream mold (consider the way rap music has been routinely vilified as violent by mainstream critics, or how twerking is often framed as a sign that someone is sexually loose or morally deficient, while ballroom dance is held up as classy and refined). Many scholars who followed in Williams tradition expanded his theory of cultural materialism, which was focused on class inequalities, to include the consideration of racial inequalities and their connection to culture, as well as those of gender, sexuality, and nationality, among others. Cultural Materialism as a Research Method By using cultural materialism as a research method we can produce a critical understanding of the values, beliefs, and worldviews of a period through close study of cultural products, and we can discern how they connect to the greater social structure, social trends, and social problems. Per the framework that Williams laid out, to do so one must do three things: Consider the historical context in which the cultural product was made.Conduct a close analysis of the messages and meanings communicated by the product itself.Consider how the product fits within the greater social structure, its inequalities, and the political power and movements within it. Beyoncà ©s Formation video is a great example of how we can use cultural materialism to understand cultural products and society. When it debuted, many criticized it for its imagery that appears critical of police practices. The video features images of militarized police and ends with the iconic image of  Beyoncà © laying atop a sinking New Orleans Police Department car. Some read this as insulting to police, and even as a threat to police, echoing a common mainstream critique of rap music. But apply cultural materialism as a theoretical lens and a research method and one sees the video in a different light. Considered in a historical context of hundreds of years of systemic racism and inequality, and the recent pandemic of police killings of black people, one instead sees Formation as a celebration of blackness in response to the hate, abuse, and violence routinely heaped upon black people. One can also see it as a completely valid and appropriate critique of police practices that desperately need to be changed if equality is ever to be possible. Cultural materialism is an illuminating theory.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership - Essay Example One of the major characteristics of DAC Ltd is the importance it gives to empowerment of employees. DAC leaders at all levels are trained to coach and mentor staff. Comprehensive training helps DAC to keep the employees competent all the time to meet the challenges of rapidly changing business world. DAC gives particular attention to the individual developments because of its belief that all the DAC employees are contributing to the company in one way or other. DAC is following a transparent approach in its functioning. It is not much interested in keeping company secrets. For example, everyone in DAC at all levels knows about the bid for EMMACorp. The company knows that revealing every secret to the employees may help the company to grow employee loyalty towards the company. It should be noted that employees may feel that they are essential parts of the organization and that is why the company is taking them in confidence. Relationship building is the core of every business activity and DAC knows this fact very well. This is a clearly communicated vision of the CEO and employees are expected to support this philosophy whole-heartedly. Those not committed to the company vision are encouraged to seek alternate employment. DAC knows very well that it is important for the company to keep existing customers along with finding new customers. So customer servicing at all levels has been given top priority at DAC. CHRISSIE Co One of the most common illusions among corporate world is the myth that women leaders are incapable of dealing with challenging situations. However, lessons from the latest recession show that companies with female board members done better than companies with male board... This research will begin with the definition of leadership as a highly sought- after and highly valued commodity. According to Northouse leadership is a process which occurs in groups; it involves influence and common goals†. Hackman on the other hand described leadership as the first and foremost a communication based activity whereas Mullins argued that â€Å"leadership is not about being a wonder woman or man; but it about valuing individuality†. According to Clawson, â€Å"Leadership is about managing energy first in yourself and then in those around you. Being a leader depends on one’s point of view, not on status and title†. The above definitions clearly suggest that it is difficult to accommodate leadership in few words. Leadership is a quality which is associated with lot of parameters. There are born leaders as well as developed leaders. In other words, leadership qualities are inborn as well as developed. For example, Steve Jobs was a developed le ader whereas Edward Kennedy was a leader with inborn qualities. Leaders with inborn leadership qualities may emerge out naturally while they work in groups. Others on the other hand, emerge as leaders over time after receiving enough experiences and training. Trait theory says that traits or inborn qualities such as intelligence, communication, interpersonal skills, problem solving skills, vision and charisma are inborn leadership qualities. In other words, these leadership qualities are inherited among certain people at the time of their birth itself whereas others learn such qualities from their surroundings.

A Public Relations Plan of Blackberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Public Relations Plan of Blackberry - Essay Example Moreover, the ailing complementary PlayBook tablet. But one of BlackBerrys major strengths has all the time been information security. As written by enterprise mobile security expert Lisa Phifer, the BlackBerry OS includes a thorough collection of original security capabilities, for instance strong support for password security, AES encryption of data embedded on the device, automatic remote wiping and integrated data transport safeguard, all easily managed through flexible policies via BlackBerry Enterprise Server. At the moment, consumerization of IT has worn out what once was the BlackBerrys point of strength in enterprise (Pople & Turnbull, 2012). BlackBerry security has assumed a backseat to competitor`s flash and functionality, as most users are more concerned with introducing sexy back to devices in their pockets and also needing a solo device for both personal and business use (Tench & Yeomans, 2009). Most enterprise security teams, a few pressured by their executives, have tacitly permitted these mobile devices into their networks, opting to look the other way instead of identifying and addressing security problems these hugely unchecked devices present (Du, 2000). Now the security worry on consumer-centric mobile devices has become impossible for Blackberry to ignore and this is what warrants the establishment of public relation plan. Blackberry considers its target market to be people who are hyper-socially connected as well as true multi-taskers who require getting staffs done. In simple terms, Blackberry believes this is approximately a third of the entire available market globally. The company believes this target audience needs both a professional and Personal balance with simplicity. I’d also bet most of the users need this. For the past two months, close to 50 million new Android and iOS users have registered to exploit the company`s messaging service, BBM. So as to reach out